Ken Baum, a lawyer  in Santa Monica, Calif., argued for a balance between meeting the needs of patients and honoring pharmacists’ moral values in an article he co-wrote with his wife, Julie Cantor, also a lawyer and physician, for the Nov. 4, 2004, New England Journal of Medicine.

Lynn D. Wardle, a law professor at the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University in Utah, has written a proposed draft of a conscience protection law that states generally that no health care provider should have to provide services that violate his or her moral or religious convictions.

Sandra Johnson is a law professor emerita Saint Louis University. She has written about pain management, care of the dying and nursing homes, and can speak about the ethical challenges they present for health care workers.

R. Alta Charo teaches law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin law school. From 2015 to 2017, she was a member of the Human Genome Editing Initiative, a joint project of the National Academy of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. She previously served on President Bill Clinton’s National Bioethics Advisory Commission.

Amy M. Haddad is a professor and director of the Center for Health Policy and Ethics and a professor of health sciences at Creighton University in Omaha, Neb. She is past chairwoman of the ethics special interest group of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

Joseph Fink is a professor of pharmacy law and policy at the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy. He has written about pharmacy law and ethics and is a founder of the American Society of Pharmacy Law. Contact  [email protected].

David Luban is a professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. He teaches about legal ethics and has written in an online blog that “pacifists should not join the Army, and people who do not wish to fill prescriptions should not become pharmacists.”

Read a March 12, 2013, article on a pro-life news website about Missouri’s House of Representatives passing a bill that would exempt anyone from participating in medical services that are contrary to his or her religious beliefs.

Read a February 27, 2013, article at Salon.com about hurdles to obtaining emergency contraception.