Eric Toner is a senior scholar with the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. His areas of interest include hospital preparedness and pandemic influenza. He authored a paper on the ethical allocation of the COVID-19 vaccine. Direct media inquiries to Margaret Miller.

Avi Schnall directs Agudath Israel of America’s New Jersey office. He spoke out against ending religious exemptions to vaccines when the issue was before the New Jersey Legislature.

Dr. Aaron Glatt is chairman of the department of medicine and chief of infectious diseases at Mount Sinai South Nassau Hospital in Oceanside, New York. He has urged members of the Jewish community to get vaccinated in columns and interviews, arguing against the idea that vaccines violate Jewish teaching.

Rabbi Yakov Litzman is Israel’s deputy minister of health. Vaccinations aren’t mandatory in Israel, but Litzman has expressed support for changing that in recent years.

Heidi Larson directs the Vaccine Confidence Project at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where she also teaches anthropology. She previously served as head of global immunization communication for UNICEF.

Susan Close is the state Labor Party member for Port Adelaide in the South Australian Parliament. She previously served as South Australia’s minister for education and child development and oversaw the passage of a 2017 law banning unvaccinated children from enrolling in preschools and child care centers.

Roberto Burioni is a professor of microbiology and virology at San Raffaele University in Milan, Italy. He helps lead online campaigns to educate Italian families about vaccine science.

Josh Williams is an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. He researches how religion influences people’s views on vaccines.