Valerie J. Vollmar is a law professor at Willamette University College of Law in Salem, Ore. She can speak about how health professionals, including physicians and pharmacists, follow their consciences.

Lorie G. Rice is associate dean of external affairs of the School of Pharmacy at the University of California at San Francisco, where she teaches courses in pharmacy law and ethics. She is also former executive officer of the California State Board of Pharmacy. Listen to an April 23, 2005, NPR interview in which Rice explains how […]

Ken Baum, a lawyer  in Santa Monica, Calif., argued for a balance between meeting the needs of patients and honoring pharmacists’ moral values in an article he co-wrote with his wife, Julie Cantor, also a lawyer and physician, for the Nov. 4, 2004, New England Journal of Medicine.

Sandra Johnson is a law professor emerita Saint Louis University. She has written about pain management, care of the dying and nursing homes, and can speak about the ethical challenges they present for health care workers.

Matthew Murawski is an associate professor of pharmacy administration at Purdue University in Indiana. He says pharmacists can face ethical concerns that go well beyond dispensing birth control – involving, for example, end-of-life issues and what medications are appropriate for children.

R. Alta Charo teaches law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin law school. From 2015 to 2017, she was a member of the Human Genome Editing Initiative, a joint project of the National Academy of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. She previously served on President Bill Clinton’s National Bioethics Advisory Commission.

Amy M. Haddad is a professor and director of the Center for Health Policy and Ethics and a professor of health sciences at Creighton University in Omaha, Neb. She is past chairwoman of the ethics special interest group of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

Joseph Fink is a professor of pharmacy law and policy at the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy. He has written about pharmacy law and ethics and is a founder of the American Society of Pharmacy Law. Contact  [email protected].

Read an opinion piece by sociologist Florence A. Ruderman from the September 1, 2005 New York Times about a pharmacist who refused to fill her father’s prescription for morphine when he was dying of cancer and in severe pain, and how that’s affected her views of pharmacists’ responsibilities.